When we think of new technologies in medicine, we tend to conjure images of futuristic AI computers, , and robot surgeons. The ambitious and lesser-explored methods currently being applied in drug discovery and development, however, could prove to be just as exciting.
A GlobalData survey this year revealed that over 70% of pharma industry respondents anticipate drug development will be the area most impacted by the implementation of smart technologies. As the year draws to a close, Pharmaceutical Technology takes a look at some of the technological innovations and approaches that could transform drug research in 2022.
Harnessing AI with supercomputing
Supercomputers are vastly superior to general-purpose computers in terms of speed and performance, and are particularly valuable when it comes to performing scientific and data-intensive tasks. It makes sense, then, that researchers are looking to apply supercomputing to the exhaustive process of drug discovery and design.
This year, US tech company NVIDIA launched Cambridge-1, the UK鈥檚 most powerful supercomputer, to help British healthcare researchers solve some of the industry鈥檚 most urgent healthcare challenges. Along with the launch of Cambridge-1, also announced a series of collaborations with the pharma behemoths and GlaxoSmithKline, and institutions like Guy鈥檚 and St Thomas鈥� NHS Foundation Trust, King鈥檚 College London and .
The Cambridge-1 supercomputer has the potential to significantly accelerate and optimise every stage of drug research. NVIDIA is collaborating with AstraZeneca to build a transformer-based generative AI model for chemical structures, which will allow researchers to leverage massive datasets using self-supervised training methods and enable faster drug discovery.
GSK鈥檚 own research has a steadfast focus on genetically validated targets, which are twice as likely to become approved therapies and now make up more than 70% of the company鈥檚 drugs pipeline. NVIDIA has partnered up with GSK and its AI team to unlock vast quantities of genetic and clinical data and help the company to develop more effective drugs and vaccines, faster.
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By GlobalDataNVIDIA鈥檚 vice president of healthcare Kimberly Powell shared with Pharmaceutical Technology the company鈥檚 top three predictions for supercomputing in pharma:
- AI accelerates million-times drug discovery: 鈥� Molecular simulations help to model target and drug interactions completely in silico. The breakthroughs of AlphaFold and RoseTTAFold that created a thousand-fold explosion of known protein structures, and AI that can generate a thousand more potential chemical compounds has increased the opportunity to discover drugs by a million times.鈥�
- Multimodal AI: 鈥淭here are over ten thousand diseases without a therapy. Multiple sources of health data need to be used, whether it is to discover drugs or treat patients. In order to leverage the world鈥檚 largest data sources, multimodal AI will bring us to that new frontier in discovering disease pathways, as well as personalising the treatment and prognosis of patients.鈥�
- AI 2.0 with federated learning: 鈥淭o help application developers industrialise their AI technology and expand the application鈥檚 business benefit, AI must be trained and validated on data that resides outside the possession of their group, institution and geography. Federated learning is key to enable such collaboration to build and validate robust AI models without sharing sensitive data. Federated learning will be an essential capability to facilitate the continuous learning and evaluation of AI.鈥�
While Cambridge-1 may be the most powerful supercomputer in the UK, Japan is home to the world鈥檚 fastest. Fugaku, jointly developed by research institute RIKEN and tech company , aims to tackle a range of pressing scientific and social issues. For healthcare, this means drug discovery through functional control of biomolecular systems, and integrated computational life science to aid the development of personalised and preventive medicine.
Despite only officially launching earlier this year, Fugaku has already proved valuable in identifying medicines that can be repurposed to fight Covid-19, narrowing down to just a few dozen. The Covid-19 research project employing Fugaku鈥檚 supercomputing capabilities to uncover potential therapies will run until March next year.
Gene writing
Gene editing 鈥� the insertion, deletion, modification, or replacement of DNA in a genome 鈥� is a promising and relatively new approach to treat genetic disorders. Newer still is the concept of gene writing to tackle inherited disease.
Pioneered by Massachusetts-based Tessera Therapeutics, the technique involves writing therapeutic messages directly into the genome to correct disease-causing genetic errors 鈥� and the company says the technology has the potential to target virtually any inherited disorder at its source.
Gene writing is based on using mobile genetic elements (MGEs), a type of genetic material that can be inserted into specific locations within a genome, using DNA or RNA templates.
Tessera only launched in 2020, but has already caught the attention of investors and researchers alike; the company raised an impressive $230m in Series B financing early this year, and last month an R&D collaboration with the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.
Tessera鈥檚 co-founder and chief innovation officer Jacob Rubens said the company plans to continue to advance it gene writing technology in the next year. 鈥淏y delivering our therapeutics with RNA and lipid nanoparticle technologies, we believe it may be possible to revolutionise healthcare by making genetic medicines widely available for many diseases in diverse geographies.鈥�
Spanish biotech Integra Therapeutics, founded last year, has also thrown its hat into the gene writing ring. Just this month, the company secured 鈧�4.5m funding towards the next-generation gene writing tools that it鈥檚 developing to make advanced therapies safer and more effective. The funds will also allow the company to carry out preclinical validation using in vivo and ex vivo models, and manage its patent portfolio in 2022 and the year after.
Integra CEO Avencia S谩nchez-Mej铆as told Pharmaceutical Technology the company鈥檚 focus for next year is developing 鈥渁 really strong proof of concept and a final prototype鈥�.
Quantum computing
Applying computational methods to drug discovery is nothing new, but the use of ultra-efficient quantum computers to reveal previously unknown compounds has only recently emerged as an area of promise.
While classical computers rely on 鈥渂its鈥� that are either on or off, quantum computers use 鈥渜ubits鈥�, which can either be on or off, or both 鈥� known as superposition. This property of superposition allows quantum computers to drastically accelerate and optimise testing and predictions, making the technology especially promising for drug discovery efforts.
Australian-German Quantum Brilliance is one company on a mission to make quantum-powered drug discovery a reality. Founded in 2019, the start-up is developing diamond quantum accelerators that can simulate interactions between multiple molecules for in silico drug discovery and design.
鈥淥ur goal for 2022 is to demonstrate the concept and value of distributed quantum computing (QC) for computational chemistry as part of our software stack,鈥� says Quantum Brilliance鈥檚 chief scientific officer Marcus Doherty.
While QC is still in its infancy, Doherty says, industry players have acknowledged its potential to revolutionise medical research 鈥� and the spate of deals made between QC groups and major drug companies this year is proof that the pharma industry isn鈥檛 waiting to get involved.
In January, Boehringer Ingelheim entered a collaboration with Google Quantum AI to apply quantum methods to drug design and in silico modelling. A month later, pharma giant Roche announced a deal with Cambridge Quantum Computing to accelerate the development of early-stage Alzheimer鈥檚 disease drugs.
More recently, in November, digital QC company SEEQC announced that its UK-based team had been awarded a 拢6.85m grant from the country鈥檚 government agency Innovate UK. With the funding, SEEQC will build and deliver a full-stack quantum computer to be used for drug development by German multinational Merck KgaA.
鈥淭he demonstration of quantum utility 鈥� defined as a quantum system outperforming classical processors of comparable size, weight and power in similar environments 鈥� could become valuable for the discovery of new materials and new medicines,鈥� Doherty says.
To know more about pharma & healthcare forecasts and trends that are likely to make an impact in 2022, catch more of our coverage here;
Mapping the RNA therapeutics R&D landscape in 2022
